Autoimmune Diabetes
Simplify your type 1 diabetes diagnostics.
Autoimmune diabetes, also known as type 1 diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone necessary for allowing sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. Unlike type 2 diabetes, which is often associated with lifestyle factors, type 1 diabetes is primarily an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Insights on Autoimmune Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycemia. Over 90% of people with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes have measurable antibodies against specific β-cell proteins, including insulin, glutamate decarboxylase, islet antigen 2, zinc transporter 8, and tetraspanin-7. Most people with a single autoantibody do not progress to type 1 diabetes, but seroconversion to the presence of two or more serum autoantibodies in children is associated with an 84% risk of clinical type 1 diabetes by the age of 18 years. Type 1 diabetes is a heritable polygenic disease with identical twin concordance of 30–70%, sibling risk of 6–7%, and a risk of 1–9% for children who have a parent with diabetes.
<p>Autoimmune diabetes begins long before symptoms appear: autoantibodies reveal the disease years before clinical onset.</p>
Key figures
9
million people worldwide are living with type 1 diabetes
15%
is the prevelence of type 1 diabetes in Northern European populations
10%
of all diabetes cases are of type 1
How do we diagnose Autoimmune Diabetes?
The diagnosis of autoimmune diabetes is based on a combination of clinical presentation, metabolic markers, and the detection of diabetes-specific autoantibodies. These are the key markers of autoimmune β-cell destruction and may appear years before clinical onset. The most relevant autoantibodies include: Anti-islet cell antibodies (ICA) – typically detected by Indirect Immunofluorescence Assays (IFA), Anti-insulin antibodies (IAA), Anti-GAD antibodies (GAD65), Anti-IA-2 antibodies, Anti-ZnT8 antibodies, typically detected by ELISA.
Knowledge & Science
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Instruments for diagnosing Autoimmune Diabetes
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References
a) DiMeglio LA, Evans-Molina C, Oram RA. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2018 Jun 16;391(10138):2449-2462.
b) Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O, Simell T, Lempainen J, Steck A, Winkler C, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M, Bonifacio E, Eisenbarth GS. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA. 2013 Jun 19;309(23):2473-9.
c) Jacobsen LM, Schatz DA. Type 1 Diabetes: A Review. JAMA. 2026 Feb 16.
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